* 담배규제 기본협약(The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC)
- 2005년 발효. 총 175개국 비준(한국은 2005년 5월 66번째로 조약에 승인함)
- 비준국은 담배가격 인상, 담배광고 규제, 담배경고그림 부착, 공공장소에서 간접흡연 규제,
담배성분 규제 등의 전면적인 금연정책을 수립할 것을 권고.(조약 전문은 첨부파일)
- 세계보건기구(WHO) 담배규제 기본협약(FCTC) 제5차 당사국 총회가 11월 12일부터 6일간 서울 삼성동 코엑스에서 열릴 예정.
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Tobacco in Australia
A comprehensive resource
http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/
- 1.1 A brief history of tobacco smoking in Australia
- 1.2 Overview of major Australian data sets
- 1.3 Prevalence of smoking—adults
- 1.4 Prevalence of smoking—young adults
- 1.5 Prevalence of smoking—middle-aged and older adults
- 1.6 Prevalence of smoking—secondary students
- 1.7 Trends in the prevalence of smoking by socioeconomic status
- 1.8 Trends in prevalence of smoking by country of birth
- 1.9 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- 1.10 Prevalence of smoking in other high risk sub-groups of the population
- 1.11 Prevalence of use of different types of tobacco product
- 1.12 Future smoking rates?
- 1.13 International comparisons of prevalence of smoking
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 2.0 Introduction
- 2.1 Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumption
- 2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption
- 2.3 Self-reported measures of tobacco consumption
- 2.4 Expenditure on tobacco products
- 2.5 Industry sales figures as estimates for consumption
- 2.6 Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in Australia
- 2.7 Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countries
- 2.8 Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figures
- 2.9 Best estimate of recent tobacco consumption in Australia
- 2.10 Factors driving reductions in tobacco consumption
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 3.0 Background
- 3.1 Tobacco—a leading preventable cause of death and disease
- 3.2 Cardiovascular diseases
- 3.3 Lung cancer
- 3.4 Respiratory diseases
- 3.5 Other cancers caused by or associated with smoking
- 3.6 Reproductive health and smoking
- 3.7 Pregnancy and smoking
- 3.8 Infant health and smoking
- 3.9 Increased susceptibility to infection in smokers
- 3.10 Eye diseases
- 3.11 Dental diseases
- 3.12 Gastrointestinal diseases
- 3.13 Bone density and risk of fractures
- 3.14 Effects of smoking on the skin
- 3.15 Smoking and complications in medical treatment
- 3.16 Smoking and diabetes
- 3.17 Poorer levels of general health
- 3.18 Smoking, motor vehicle crashes and other injuries
- 3.19 Burns and fires caused by tobacco use
- 3.20 Tobacco poisoning
- 3.21 Health effects for younger smokers
- 3.22 Genetic influences on tobacco-caused disease
- 3.23 Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline
- 3.24 Lung disease, smoking and occupational exposures
- 3.25 Air pollution, cigarette smoking and ill health
- 3.26 Health effects of smoking brands that claim to deliver lower levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide
- 3.27 Health effects of smoking tobacco in other forms
- 3.28 Health ‘benefits’ of smoking?
- 3.29 Morbidity (ill health) attributable to tobacco-caused disease
- 3.30 Deaths attributable to tobacco by disease category
- 3.31 Morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-caused disease and socioeconomic disadvantage
- 3.32 Health effects of smoking other substances
- 3.33 Health effects of chewing tobacco, and of other smokeless tobacco products
- 3.34 Public perceptions of tobacco as a drug, and knowledge and beliefs about the health consequences of smoking
- 3.35 Health benefits of cessation
- 3.36 The global tobacco pandemic
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 4.1 Background
- 4.2 What is secondhand smoke?
- 4.3 What is in secondhand smoke?
- 4.4 Cardiovascular disease and secondhand smoke
- 4.5 Lung cancer and secondhand smoke
- 4.6 Cancers of other sites
- 4.7 Health effects of secondhand smoke for infants and children
- 4.8 Effects of secondhand smoke on the respiratory system in adults
- 4.9 Secondhand smoke and pregnancy
- 4.10 Secondhand smoke and increased risk of infectious disease
- 4.11 Secondhand smoke and diabetes
- 4.12 Population prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke in the home
- 4.13 Estimates of morbidity and mortality attributable to secondhand smoke
- 4.14 Public attitudes to secondhand smoke
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Stages in the uptake of smoking
- 5.3 Factors influencing uptake by young people—overview
- 5.4 Physiological aspects
- 5.5 Individual personality traits and psychiatric influences
- 5.6 Intentions, attitudes and beliefs
- 5.7 The home environment
- 5.8 The smoking behaviour of peers, and peer attitudes and norms
- 5.9 The educational environment: achievements, aspirations and ‘school connectedness’
- 5.10 Other drug use
- 5.11 Accessibility of tobacco products to young smokers
- 5.12 Affordability of tobacco products
- 5.13 Opportunity to smoke
- 5.14 Cultural background
- 5.15 Tobacco advertising and promotion targeted at young people
- 5.16 Products and packaging created to appeal to new users
- 5.17 Factors influencing uptake of smoking later in life
- 5.18 Uptake—a concluding note
- 5.19 What is meant by prevention?
- 5.20 Approaches to youth smoking prevention
- 5.21 Mass media strategies/campaigns
- 5.22 Interactive technology and multimedia
- 5.23 School-based interventions
- 5.24 Peer influence and education
- 5.25 Parent/family/home targeted interventions
- 5.26 Reducing tobacco access and supply
- 5.27 Reducing product appeal
- 5.28 Promotion and visibility of tobacco
- 5.29 Denormalising smoking
- 5.30 Taxation and pricing of tobacco products
- 5.31 Harnessing predictors of uptake to prevent smoking
- 5.32 Preventing smoking in more ‘at risk’ groups
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 6.0 Introduction
- 6.1 Defining nicotine as a drug of addiction
- 6.2 The physiological effects of nicotine
- 6.3 Psychoactive effects of nicotine
- 6.4 Influence of genetic factors on addiction
- 6.5 Measures of dependence
- 6.6 The association between addiction and socioeconomic status
- 6.7 Addiction and the adolescent smoker
- 6.8 Tobacco ‘chippers’
- 6.9 Nicotine withdrawal syndrome
- 6.10 Nicotine and other drug use
- 6.11 Smokers’ attitudes to and beliefs about addiction
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 7.0 Introduction
- 7.1 Quitting activity
- 7.2 Health and other benefits of quitting
- 7.3 The process of quitting
- 7.4 Assistance with quitting
- 7.5 Intensity of intervention
- 7.6 Cost-effectiveness analysis of smoking interventions
- 7.7 Personal factors associated with quitting
- 7.8 External factors associated with quitting
- 7.9 Policy measures associated with quitting
- 7.10 Role of general practice and other health professional settings
- 7.11 Methods, services and products for quitting—methods
- 7.12 Methods, services and products for quitting—self-help printed and electronic resources
- 7.13 Methods, services and products for quitting—Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- 7.14 Methods, services and products for quitting—telephone advice and assistance
- 7.15 Methods, services and products for quitting—more intensive support
- 7.16 Pharmacotherapy
- 7.17 Combined interventions
- 7.18 Unproven methods
- 7.19 Interventions for special groups
- 7.20 Towards a national cessation strategy
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 8.0 Introductory note
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 History of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- 8.3 Prevalence of tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- 8.4 Smoking among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and teenagers
- 8.5 Types of tobacco used by and levels of consumption among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- 8.6 Cessation
- 8.7 Morbidity and mortality caused by smoking among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- 8.8 Economic and social issues relating to tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Straits Islanders
- 8.9 Attitudes to and beliefs about smoking
- 8.10 Interventions targeting Aboriginal peoples and Torres Straits Islanders
- 8.11 The relationship between tobacco and other drug use in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
- 8.12 The tobacco industry and Indigenous communities
- 8.13 Policy recommendations for advancing tobacco control programs among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 9.0 Introduction
- 9.1 Socioeconomic position and disparities in tobacco exposure and use
- 9.2 Socioeconomic disparities in tobacco exposure and use: are the gaps widening?
- 9.3 Contribution of smoking to health inequality
- 9.4 The relationship between tobacco smoking and financial stress
- 9.5 Smoking and intergenerational poverty
- 9.6 Smoking, ill health, financial stress and smoking-related poverty among highly disadvantaged groups
- 9.7 Explanations of socioeconomic disparities in smoking
- 9.8 Are current strategies to discourage smoking in Australia inequitable?
- 9.9 Are there inequalities in access to and usage of treatment for dependence on tobacco-delivered nicotine?
- 9.10 Further initiatives to reduce tobacco-related disparities in Australia
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 10.1 The global tobacco manufacturing industry
- 10.2 The manufacturing industry in Australia
- 10.3 Retail value and volume of the market
- 10.4 The tobacco companies operating in Australia
- 10.5 Major importers operating in the Australian market
- 10.6 Market share and brand share
- 10.7 Trends in products and packaging
- 10.8 The tobacco growing industry
- 10.9 The tobacco industry and the illegal tobacco market
- 10.10 The tobacco industry exposed: tobacco industry document repositories
- 10.11 Corporate responsibility and the birth of good corporate citizenship
- 10.12 The tobacco industry’s revised stance on health issues
- 10.13 Encouraging young people not to smoke
- 10.14 The environmental impact of tobacco production
- 10.15 Ethical farming issues
- 10.16 The environmental impact of tobacco use
- 10.17 The tobacco industry’s response to tobacco litter
- 10.18 Corporate links with charities and social causes
- 10.19 Tobacco industry lobbying—overview
- 10.20 Tobacco industry lobbying—the tools
- 10.21 Tobacco industry lobbying—the targets
- 10.22 Donations to political parties
- 10.23 Public attitudes to the tobacco industry
- 10.24 The future of the tobacco industry
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 11.0 Background
- 11.1 The merits of banning tobacco advertising
- 11.2 Tobacco industry expenditure on advertising
- 11.3 Federal legislation
- 11.4 State and territory legislation
- 11.5 Tobacco advertising legislation violations
- 11.6 Marketing of tobacco in the age of advertising bans
- References
- Attachment 11.1 TAP Act report to Parliament
- 12.0 Introduction
- 12.1 Tobacco in Australian cigarettes
- 12.2 Measuring cigarette smoke constituents
- 12.3 Labelling of ‘tar’, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of Australian cigarettes
- 12.4 General engineering features of Australian cigarettes and their relation to compensatory smoking
- 12.5 Comparison of Australian and United States cigarettes
- 12.6 Comparison of Australian cigarettes in different yield categories
- 12.7 Additives in Australian cigarettes
- 12.8 Flavoured cigarettes
- 12.9 Specific carcinogens and cardiovascular toxicants in Australian cigarettes
- 12.10 Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Attachment 12.1 Health warnings
- Attachment 12.1 References
- Attachment 12.2 Reduced fire risk (RFR) cigarettes
- Attachment 12.2 References
- Attachment 12.3 Smokeless tobacco and harm reduction
- Attachment 12.3 References
- 13.0 Introduction
- 13.1 Price elasticity of demand for tobacco products
- 13.2 Tobacco taxes in Australia
- 13.3 The price of tobacco products in Australia
- 13.4 The affordability of tobacco products
- 13.5 Impact of price increases on tobacco consumption in Australia
- 13.6 Revenue from tobacco taxes in Australia
- 13.7 Evasion of taxes on tobacco products
- 13.8 Tobacco industry arguments against tax increases
- 13.9 Smuggling a result of tax increases?
- 13.10 A regressive tax?
- 13.11 A threat to government revenue?
- 13.12 Future directions for reform of tobacco taxes
- 13.13 Hypothecation
- 13.14 Public opinion about tobacco tax increases
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Attachment 13.1 Legislation relevant to tobacco taxation mentioned in this chapter: Commonwealth
- Attachment 13.2 Legislation mentioned in this chapter: States and territories
- 14.0 Introduction
- 14.1 Social marketing and public education campaigns
- 14.2 The role of social marketing and public education campaigns within a comprehensive tobacco control program
- 14.3 Tobacco control campaigns in Australia: experience and effectiveness
- 14.4 Examining effectiveness of public education campaigns
- 14.5 Understanding how campaigns work
- 14.6 Developing, implementing and evaluating tobacco control campaigns
- 14.7 Challenges and opportunities for tobacco control campaigns
- Acknowledgments
- Attachment 14.1 National, State and Territory Contacts
- References
- 15.0 Introduction
- 15.1 Why implement smokefree environments?
- 15.2 Public opinion about smokefree environments
- 15.3 Opposition to and weakening of smokefree environment legislation
- 15.4 Overview of key public areas and environments
- 15.5 Outdoor areas
- 15.6 Domestic environments
- 15.7Legislation
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 16.1 Personal injury claims against the tobacco industry
- 16.2 Other litigation involving the tobacco industry
- 16.3 Litigation relating to injury from exposure to second-hand smoke
- Attachment 16.1 McCabe v British American Tobacco and its aftermath
- Attachment 16.2 Australian cases on exposure to secondhand smoke in which compensation has been paid, 1986 to 2006
- 17.0 Introduction
- 17.1 The economic rationale for intervention in the tobacco market
- 17.2 The various costs of tobacco use
- 17.3 The costs of smoking to Australian society
- 17.4 Benefits of tobacco to the economy?
- 17.5 Economic analysis, economic evaluation and economic modelling of tobacco control policies and interventions
- 17.6 Do tobacco control strategies cause economic hardship in particular segments of the economy?
- 17.7 How much should be invested in tobacco control?
- 17.8 What would be the benefits of increased investment in tobacco control?
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 18.0 Background to the FCTC
- 18.1 Overview of the FCTC
- 18.2 Guiding principles and general obligations
- 18.3 Measures relating to the reduction of demand for tobacco: price and tax measures
- 18.4 Measures relating to the reduction of demand for tobacco: non-price measures
- 18.5 Measures relating to the reduction of the supply of tobacco
- 18.6 Other obligations
- 18.7 Implementation and development of the FCTC: decisions of the Conference of the Parties
- 18.8 Enforcement of the FCTC
- 18.9 What the FCTC means for Australia
- References
